- How is portland cement made?Cement manufacturers mine materials such as limestone, shale, iron ore, and clay, crushed and screened the rock, and place it in a cement kiln. After being heated to extremely high temperatures, these materials form a small ball called “clinker” that is very finely grounded to produce portland cement. Lime and silica make up about 85 percent of the ingredients of cement. Other elements include alumina and iron oxide. The rotating kiln that cooks the materials resembles a large horizontal pipe with a diameter of 10 to 15 feet and a length of 300 feet or more. One end is raised slightly. The raw mix is placed in the high end and as the kiln rotates the materials move slowly toward the lower end. Flame jets at the lower end heat all the materials in the kiln to high temperatures that range between 2,700 and 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit. This high heat drives off, or calcines, the chemically combined water and carbon dioxide from the raw materials and forms new compounds (tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate and tetracalcium aluminoferrite). For each ton of material that goes into the feed end of the kiln, two thirds of a ton comes out the discharge end, called clinker. This clinker is in the form of marble sized pellets. The clinker is very finely ground to produce portland cement. Manufacturers often add gypsum and/or limestone during the grinding process. https://www.cement.org/cement-concrete/cement-and-concrete-basics-faqs
CONFAST® Wedge Anchors
Concrete wedge anchors’ design allows them to anchor fixtures into concrete. Concrete wedge anchors work by inserting them into a hole drilled into concrete. The concrete wedge anchor is then expanded, wedging itself securely in the concrete.
USES• CONFAST® wedge anchors are designed to be used in solid concrete.
• They should never be used in CMU block or brick base material.
• Available in a wide range of diameters ranging from 1/4″ to 1-1/4″. The anchor lengths, which depend on the diameter, are from 1-3/4″ to 12″.
• CONFAST® wedge anchors are packaged with the proper size and quantities of nuts and washers.
• Hole size to be drilled in the concrete is equal to the diameter of CONFAST® wedge anchor being installed.
• Available in zinc plated carbon steel for indoor dry applications, hot-dipped galvanized for moist outdoor applications, 304 stainless steel for wet outdoor applications and 316 stainless steel for use in caustic environment.
• All sizes are in stock, and will ship from our Cleveland, Ohio warehouse the same day that the order is received.
Tramex Concrete Moisture Encounter CME5
New, rugged ergonomically designed enclosure.
Non-destructive in operation with no need to probe, drill or mechanically damage the surface.
Instant and precise readings to a depth of approximately 20mm (3⁄4″) into the slab.
Bluetooth connection to accompanying IOS & Android App allowing for continual development and integration of apps and reporting.
Reproducible and reliable results – Test to ASTM F2569
What are blended cements?
Blended cements are another type of hydraulic cement like portland cement. Blended hydraulic cements are produced by intergrinding or blending two or more types of fine materials: portland cement and one (or two) of the following: limestone, slag cement, or pozzolans like fly ash, silica fume, or calcined clay. Blended hydraulic cements must conform to the requirements of ASTM C595 (or AASHTO M 240), Standard Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements. Blended cements are used in all aspects of concrete construction in the same manner as portland cements. Blended cements can be used as the sole cementitious material in concrete or they can be used in combination with other supplementary cementitious materials added at the concrete plant.ASTM C595 recognizes four classes of blended cements:
- Type IL, Portland-limestone cementType IP, Portland-pozzolan cementType IS, Portland blast-furnace slag cementType IT, Ternary blended cement
https://www.cement.org/cement-concrete/cement-and-concrete-basics-faqs